Kogics

Yes you can, after liberating your student's machines: ChromeOS is actually prepared for running a Linux Ubuntu subsystem! Programming is all about controlling your computer so when teaching programming it makes perfect sense to unlock your Chromebook and use developer mode and then install what is called "Crouton" on your Chromebook.

Here is one of many guides on the net on how to do that:
http://www.androidauthority.com/crouton-turn-your-chromebook-into-far-more-than-a-glorified-web-browser-663044

The you install Java with this terminal command in your Ubuntu subsystem:

sudo apt-get install default-jdk

And then install Kojo as described for Linux on the Kojo download page. And ready to go!

BTW: This means that the sysadmin of your school should support your very important pedagogical ambitions in allowing your students to do "real" programing! :)

Hope this helped?

Good luck!